• Horace, Sidney, Han Yu¡Xto teach and delight.
• Not purely for delight or pleasure, but is also political!
• Bataille¡XLiterature is not innocent.

Literature for Class Interest

• Mao¡Xall literature serves a class, nothing is neutra.
• Aristocratic / Feudal art¡Xto immobilize society, to perpetuate existing system.
• Epic¡Xliterature of the white straight male ruling class (antifeminist, anti-democratic).
• Chaucer¡Xliterature of the middle class, literature of women, anti-church (Wife of Bath), „³ subversive.
• Middle-class¡Xnot blood, not fate, but virtue (merits).
• Bourgeois petty morals.
• Novel¡Xliterature of the bourgeoisie.
• Bakhtin¡Xnovel as subversive.

Theatre of the Oppressed vs. Theatre of the Oppressors

• Aristotelian catharsis as means of oppression.
• Theatre replaces action.
• Poetic justice? Then there is no need for resistance or revolution.
• Art // religion¡Xsuppresses action.
• Medieval religious theatre.
• Machiavellian theatre¡Xno moral, calculating, individual vs. privileged class.
• Shakespearean bourgeois theatre¡Xstill repents in the last act.
• Hegel¡Xfree subject, individual (romantic, emotive).
• Marx-Brecht¡Xconditioned object, class representative (realist, rational).

Conservative Shakespeare?

• Patriarchy¡XThe Taming of the Shrew, A Midsummer Night's Dream.
• Aristocracy¡XThe Winter's Tale.
• Political Authority¡XMacbeth, King Lear.
• Legitimacy¡XKing Lear, Richard III, Henry V.
• Eurocentric¡XOthello, The Tempest.
• In short, Shakespeare often supports the status quo.

• Loyalty¡XOrphan Zhao
• Filial piety
• Integrity
• Chastity¡XWang Baochuan
• Confucianism¡Xsupport the status quo (king, father, man, authority).
• Buddhism¡Xcontempt of power, tolerance, anti-resistance.
• Taoist¡Xtolerance, indifference, anti-resistance.
• Divine justice¡Xforgo temporal retribution, forgo revolution.
• Union in the end¡Xhated by Hu Shih, Lu Xun, etc., because it makes you forget the pain.
• Imperial-aristocratic major genres (Kunqu and Beijing)¡Xsupport status quo.
• Ex: ¡m¤ý¤l´_¤³°O¡n
• Local minor genres (Taiwanese, Yue, etc.)¡Xpetty bourgeois mores, cheap sentiments ³ depoliticizes .
• Ex: ¡m©¼©¤ªá¡n

• Feminism?¡XThe Taming of the Shrew (exposing male fantasy).
• Democracy? Can't think of any!
• Anti-Racist?¡XOthello
• Shakespearean chorus¡Xjester (King Lear), clown (Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet), Jacques (As You Like It)¡Xan alternative voice, a voice of conscience.

• Destruction of the spectator.
• Participation, intervention, experiment, exploration, action.